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crisis negotiation
Crisis negotiation is a law enforcement technique used to communicate with people who are threatening violence〔Strentz, Thomas (2006). ''Psychological aspects of crisis negotiation.'' CRC Press, ISBN 978-0-8493-3997-4〕 (workplace or domestic violence, suicide, or more rarely, terrorism),〔Hostage Negotiations for the First Responder (Missouri Police Officers Standards and Training Course), Jonathan Greenstein, https://www.scribd.com/doc/77121123/Hostage-Negotiations-for-the-First-Responder-POST-Green-Stein, 2011〕 including barricaded subjects, stalkers, criminals attempting to escape after a botched robbery, and most famously, hostage-takers.〔Defense Information Access Network, United States State Department (1987). ''Hostage negotiation: a matter of life and death.'' DIANE Publishing, ISBN 978-0-941375-01-6〕 Crisis negotiation is often initiated by the first officer(s) on the scene.〔
== History ==
Modern hostage negotiation principles were established in 1972 when then-NYPD Detective Harvey Schlossberg, also a psychologist, recognized the need for trained personnel in crisis intervention. Schlossberg had worked on the David Berkowitz ("Son of Sam") case, and had instituted other psychological principles in police work, including psychological screening of police applicants and the use of hypnosis in suspect/witness interviews.
The first Hostage Negotiation Teams (HNTs) were often created as elements of Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Teams and merely created a diversion while SWAT deployed. In modern usage, while sometimes acting independently, hostage negotiation teams are often deployed in conjunction with SWAT.
The FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit (which developed the Behavioral Change Stairway Model〔Crisis (hostage) negotiation: current strategies and issues in high-risk conflict resolution, Gregory M. Vecchi 'et al', http://negotiationconcepts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Crisis-Hostage-Negotiation-Current-Strategies-and-Issues-in-High-Risk-Conflict-Resolution.pdf, 2003〕) and Singapore Police Force Crisis Negotiation Unit are examples of specialized units trained in these techniques.〔Greenstone, J.L.(2005). The elements of police hostage and crisis negotiations: Critical incidents and how to respond to them. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press. Currently under Taylor and Francis Publishing Group.〕
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